Which of the following are considered the 5 components of reading?

The five components of reading as defined by the National Reading Panel and widely accepted in reading instruction are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in words, which is essential for understanding how words are constructed. Phonics involves the relationship between letters and sounds, teaching readers how to decode text. Fluency refers to the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression, which is vital for understanding what is read. Vocabulary encompasses the words that a learner must know to communicate effectively and comprehend what they read. Finally, comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading; it involves understanding and interpreting the meaning of the text.

Other options include components that may be relevant to language and literacy but do not align with the widely recognized framework of the essential elements specifically identified for reading instruction. For instance, writing and grammar, while important skills, are not classified as core components of reading. Therefore, the correct answer encapsulates the comprehensive foundation necessary for effective reading instruction.