What does orthography refer to in written language?

Orthography refers to a writing system for written language, encompassing the conventions of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, and punctuation. It is fundamentally concerned with how words are represented on the page, which includes the rules that dictate how letters and symbols are used to form words that convey meaning.

None of the other choices accurately represent the definition of orthography. A type of grammatical structure relates to the syntax and rules that govern sentence formation, methods of phonetic transcription focus on representing sounds in written form, and handwriting style pertains to the physical act of writing and individual aesthetic choices rather than the systematic rules of written language as a whole. Therefore, identifying orthography with a writing system captures its essence and role in communication.